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<text id=91TT1309>
<title>
June 17, 1991: The Aftermath, Freedom Is the Best Revenge
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
June 17, 1991 The Gift Of Life
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
NATION, Page 24
THE AFTERMATH
Freedom Is the Best Revenge
</hdr><body>
<p> What has been learned from a decade of terrorism and hostage
taking? Waiting is the best policy, and events, more than people,
make the difference.
</p>
<p>By BRUCE W. NELAN--Reported by William Dowell/Cairo and J.F.O.
McAllister/Washington
</p>
<p> Although the American hostages were innocent bystanders
in the Middle East, their agonizing captivity became the
nation's ordeal. They were kidnapped only because they were
Americans, men who represented what Iran and its Shi`ite
proteges called "the Great Satan," and their fate became an
issue for all Americans, especially for three U.S. Presidents.
</p>
<p> No one knew how to set them free. Jimmy Carter publicly
displayed his anguish about the Americans seized in the U.S.
embassy in Tehran in 1979, and his failure to get them out
helped make him a one-term President. Ronald Reagan tried to
strike secret deals with so-called moderates in Iran to free the
captives in Lebanon and almost wrecked his presidency. George
Bush throttled back on public expressions of concern but
encouraged diplomatic pressure on the sponsors of state
terrorism in the Middle East. The U.S., he insisted, would make
no deals for hostages. But he was willing to let U.N. officials
and Israel arrange swaps with the kidnappers, and he did make
small concessions, like returning some Iranian funds, to improve
the climate.
</p>
<p> That turned out to be the right, or at least the
successful, policy. But it is difficult to see that any U.S.
initiatives on the hostages' behalf actually forced their
release. In the end, the faceless Shi`ite kidnappers under the
Hizballah umbrella in Lebanon were simply overtaken by events.
The world around them changed so dramatically that Iran and
Syria, their main supporters, no longer found them or their
captives useful. Some of the lessons gleaned from years of
terrorism and hostage taking:
</p>
<p> The forces at play were beyond American control. The surge
of Islamic fundamentalism that carried the Ayatullah Ruhollah
Khomeini to power struck a resonant chord with Shi`ite
organizations in Lebanon. So did the Iranian mobs that stormed
into the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 hostages for 444
days.
</p>
<p> Israel's invasion and subsequent occupation of the
self-proclaimed security zone nine miles deep into Lebanese
territory uprooted Shi`ite towns and sparked the creation of
Hizballah, the radical Party of God, built up with Iranian
advisers and money. Its proclaimed mission: to drive the
Israelis and their Lebanese auxiliaries of the South Lebanon
Army out of the country. The U.S. became a target when it moved
Marines into Lebanon to support the Israeli-backed Christian
government in Beirut, reinforcing Hizballah's belief that
Israel's strength came from the aid and political support the
Jewish state got from America. Said one of Terry Anderson's
Islamic Jihad captors only two months ago: "The Israeli invasion
was financed by America, which also supplied the weapons."
</p>
<p> The next step was obvious. Hostage taking had proved
spectacularly successful in getting U.S. attention in Iran, and
it was an age-old Lebanese tradition that became even more
popular when sectarian civil war broke out in 1975.
</p>
<p> Kidnapping Westerners--not just Americans were in peril
</p>
</body></article>
</text>